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EUPHRESCO III-Special Issue on Plant Health Priorities-REVIEW

The pinewood nematode - a warning for Europe

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  • Luís FONSECA,
  • Isabel ABRANTES
Luís FONSECA
Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People and the Planet, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
Isabel ABRANTES
Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People and the Planet, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-17056
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Published 2026-07-12

Keywords

  • Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,
  • climate change,
  • pine wilt disease

How to Cite

[1]
L. FONSECA and I. ABRANTES, “The pinewood nematode - a warning for Europe”, Phytopathol. Mediterr., Jul. 2026.

Copyright (c) 2026 Luís FONSECA, Isabel ABRANTES

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of the pine wilt disease (PWD), is recognised as a major forest pest threatening European pine forests and forestry industries. This nematode originated from North America spread first to Japan and then successively to other East Asian countries including China, Taiwan and Korea, and later to Portugal, Spain, and more recently to the Republic of Armenia and France. The primary hosts of PWN are coniferous Pinus species, including the European P. pinaster and P. sylvestris. The nematode is vectored by cerambycid beetles (Monochamus spp.). Spread of PWN has been exacerbated by climate change, with altered environmental conditions facilitating establishment and expansion of the nematode and its vector. Warm temperatures, increased droughts, and mild winters create favourable conditions for nematode reproduction, vector dispersion and enhanced tree susceptibility. Severe PWD symptoms are typically observed in regions where average summer temperatures exceed 20 °C. Current climatic shifts threaten forest ecosystems and timber industries in Europe. As climate change continues, increased areas of Europe are likely to be infected by PWN, and urgent adaptive management strategies will be required.

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