Research Papers
New insights into scabby canker of Opuntia ficus-indica, caused by Neofusicoccum batangarum
Francesco ALOI- Leonardo SCHENA
- Giuseppe SURICO
- Antonella PANE
- Giorgio GUSELLA
- Santella BURRUANO
- Santa Olga CACCIOLA
Published 2020-07-17
Keywords
- Botryosphaeriaceae,
- cactus pear,
- phylogenetic analysis,
- marker genes,
- host range
How to Cite
[1]
F. . ALOI, “New insights into scabby canker of Opuntia ficus-indica, caused by Neofusicoccum batangarum”, Phytopathol. Mediterr., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 269–284, Jul. 2020.
Funding data
-
Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
Grant numbers grant FFABR 2017 of S.O. Cacciola n. 5A725192051 -
Università di Catania
Grant numbers DIFESA n°. 5A722192134 -
Università degli Studi di Palermo
Grant numbers F. Aloi Ph.D. Fellowship
Abstract
This study characterizes a fungal disease of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica, Cactaceae), reported from the minor islands of Sicily. The disease, originally named ‘gummy canker’, was first reported in 1973 from Linosa, a small island of the Pelagian archipelago, south of Sicily. The causal agent was identified as Dothiorella ribis (currently Neofusicoccum ribis, Botryosphaeriaceae). In a recent survey the disease has been found to be widespread in minor islands around Sicily, including Lampedusa, Linosa, Favignana and Ustica. The causal agent was identified in Botryosphaeriaceae as Neofusicoccum batangarum on the basis of the phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequences from ITS, tef1 and tub2 sequences, and the disease was renamed ‘scabby canker’, which describes the typical symptoms on cactus pear cladodes. In artificial inoculations, N. batangarum induced symptoms on cactus pear cladodes identical to those observed in naturally infected plants. The fungus also induced cankers on artificially wound-inoculated stems of several common Mediterranean plants including Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), almond (Prunus dulcis), sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis), citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) and holm oak (Quercus ilex), indicating that the pathogen has a wide potential host range. Isolates of N. batangarum from cactus pear from several small islands around Sicily were genetically uniform, as inferred from microsatellite primed (MSP)-PCR electrophoretic profiles, suggesting the pathogen populations in these islands have a common origin. A preliminary report of the identity of the causal agent of this disease has been published as the first record of N. batangarum in Europe and on cactus pear worldwide.
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References
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Begoude B.A.D., Slippers B., Wingfield M.J., Roux J. 2010. Botryosphaeriaceae associated with Terminalia catappa in Cameroon, South Africa and Madagascar. Mycological Progress 9: 101-123.
Begoude B.A.D., Slippers B., Wingfield M.J., Roux J. 2011. The pathogenic potential of endophytic Botryosphaeriaceous fungi on Terminalia species in Cameroon. Forest Pathology 41: 281-292
Burgess T.I., Tan Y.P., Garnas J., Edwards J., Scarlett K.A., …, Jami F. 2018. Current status of the Botryosphaeriaceae in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-018-0577-5
Burruano S., Mondello V., Conigliaro G., Alfonzo A., Spagnolo A., Mugnai L. 2008. Grapevine decline in Italy caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 47: 132–136.
Carbone I., Kohn L.M. 1999. A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Mycologia 91: 553–556.
Conforto C., Lima N.B., Garcete-Gómez J.M., Câmara M.P.S., Michereff S.J. 2016. First Report of Cladode Brown Spot in Cactus Prickly Pear Caused by Neofusicoccum batangarum in Brazil. Plant Disease 100: 1238.
Conforto C., Lima N.B., Silva F.J.A., Câmara M.P.S., Maharachchikumbura S., Michereff S.J. 2019. Characterization of fungal species associated with cladode brown spot on Nopalea cochenillifera in Brazil. European Journal of Plant Pathology 155: 1179-1194.
Crous P.W., Slippers B., Groenewald J.Z., Wingfield M.J. 2017. Botryosphaeriaceae: systematics, pathology, and genetics. Fungal Biology 121: 305-306.
Crous P.W., Slippers B., Wingfield M.J., Rheeder J., Marasas W.F.O., …, Groenewald J.Z. 2006. Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Studies in Mycology 55: 235-253.
Dissanayake A.J., Phillips A.J.L., Li X.H., Hyde K.D. 2016a. Botryosphaeriaceae: Current status of genera and species. Mycosphere 7: 1001–1073.
Dissanayake A.J., Camporesi E. Hyde K.D., Phillips A.J.L., Fu C.Y., ..., Li X.H.2016b. Dothiorella species associated with woody hosts in Italy. Mycosphere 7: 51–63.
Feijo F.M., Silva M.J.S., Nascimento A.D., Infante N.B., Ramos-Sobrinho R., …, Lima G.S.A. 2019. Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with the prickly pear cactus, Nopalea cochinellifera. Tropical Plant Pathology 44: 452-459.
Freeman S., Shabi, E.E. 1996 Cross-infection of subtropical and temperate fruits by Colletotrichum species from various hosts. Physiological Molecular Plant Pathology 49:395–404.
Garcete-Gómez J.M., Conforto C., Domínguez-Monge S., Flores-Sánchez J.L.F., Mora-Aguilera G., Michereff S.J. 2017. Sample size for assessment of cladode brown spot in prickly pear cactus. European Journal of Plant Pathology 149: 759-763.
Edgar R.C. 2004. Muscle: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research 32:1792-1797.
Glass N.L., Donaldson G.C. 1995. Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 1323-1330.
Granata G., Faedda R., and Ochoa M.J. 2017. Diseases of cactus pear. In: Crop Ecology, Cultivation and user of Cactus pear (P. Inglese, C. Mondragon, A. Nefzaoui, C. Saenz, eds.), FAO and ICARDA, Rome, 115-126.
Guarnaccia V., Crous P.W. 2017. Emerging citrus diseases in Europe caused by species of Diaporthe. IMA Fungus 8: 317–334.
Jami F., Wingfield M.J., Gryenhout M., Slippers B. 2017. Diversity of tree-infecting Botryosphaeriales on native and non-native trees in South Africa and Namibia. Australasian Plant Pathology 46: 529–545.
Kiesling R., Metzing D. 2017. Origin and Taxonomy of Opuntia ficus-indica. In: Crop Ecology, Cultivation and user of Cactus pear (P. Inglese, C. Mondragon, A. Nefzaoui, C. Saenz eds.), FAO and ICARDA, Rome, 14-19
Kumar S., Stecher G., Tamura K. 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33:1870-1874
Lawrence P.D., Peduto Hand F., Gubler W.D., Trouillas F.T. 2017. Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with dieback and canker disease of bay laurel in northern California with the description of Dothiorella californica sp. nov. Fungal Biology 121: 347-360.
Linaldeddu B.T., Scanu B., Maddau L., Franceschini A. 2014. Diplodia corticola and Phytophthora cinnamomi: the main pathogens involved in holm oak decline on Caprera island (Italy). Forest Pathology 44: 191–200.
Linaldeddu B.T., Alves A., Phillips A.J.L. 2016. Sardiniella urbana gen. et sp. nov., a new member of the Botryosphaeriaceae isolated from declining Celtis australis trees in Sardinian streets capes. Mycosphere 7: 893–905.
Lopes A., Barradas C., Phillips A.J.L., Alves A. 2016. Diversity and phylogeny of Neofusicoccum species occurring in forest and urban environments in Portugal. Mycosphere 7: 906–920.
Lopes A., Phillips A.J.L., Alves A. 2017. Mating type genes in the genus Neofusicoccum: Mating strategies and usefulness in species delimitation. Fungal Biology 121, 394-404.
Marsberg A., Kemler M., Jami F., Nagel J.H., Postma-Smidt A., …, Slippers B., 2017. Botryosphaeria dothidea: a latent pathogen of global importance to woody plant health. Molecular Plant Pathology 18: 477-488.
Masi M., Aloi F., Nocera P., Cacciola S.O., Surico G., Evidente A. 2020. Phytotoxic metabolites isolated from Neofusicoccum batangarum, the causal agent of the scabby canker of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.). Toxins 12: 126; doi:10.3390/toxins12020126
Meyer W., Mitchell T.G., Freedman E.Z., Vilgalys R. 1993. Hybridization probes for conventional DNA fingerprinting used as single primers in the polymerase chain reaction to distinguish strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31: 2274-2280.
Netto M.S.B., Lima W.G., Correia K.G., Da Silva C.F.B., Thon M., … Camâra M.P.F. 2017. Analysis of phylogeny, distribution and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with gummosis of Anacardium in Brasil, with a new species of Lasiodiplodia. Fungal Biology 121: 437-451.
Ochoa M.J., Barbera G., 2017. History and economic and agro-ecological importance. In: Crop Ecology, Cultivation and user of Cactus pear (P. Inglese, C. Mondragon, A. Nefzaoui, C. Saenz eds.), FAO and ICARDA, Rome, 1-12
Pavlic-Zupanc D., Wingfield M.J., Boissin, E., Slippers, B. 2015. The distribution of genetic diversity in the Neofusicoccum parvum/N. ribis complex suggests structure correlated with level of disturbance. Fungal Ecology 13: 93-102.
Phillips A.J.L., Alves A., Abdollahzadeh J., Slippers B., Wingfield M.J., …, Crous P.W. 2013. The Botryosphaeriaceae: Genera and species known from culture. Studies in Mycology 76: 51-167
Phillips A.J.L., Alves A., Pennycook S. R., Johnston P.R., Ramaley A., ..., Crous P.W. 2008. Resolving the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of dark-spored teleomorph genera in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Persoonia 21: 29-55
Pretto F., Celesti-Grapow L., Carli E., Brundu G., Blasi C. 2012. Determinants of non-native plant species richness and composition across small Mediterranean islands. Biological Invasions 14: 2559-2572.
Rayner R.W. 1970. A Mycological Colour Chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew.
Santana M.D., de Lima Leite I.C.H., da Silva Santos I.C., Michereff S.J., Freitas-Lopes R.do L., Lopes U.P. 2020. Reduction of cladode brown spot in cactus pear in semiarid growing areas and yield increase using fungicides. Journal of Plant Pathology https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-019-00462-9
Santos J.M., Phillips A.J.L. 2009. Resolving the complex of Diaporthe (Phomopsis) species occurring on Foeniculum vulgare in Portugal. Fungal Diversity 34: 111-125.
Schena L., Cooke D.E.L., 2006. Assessing the potential of regions of the nuclear and mitochondrial genome to develop a “molecular tool box” for the detection and characterization of Phytophthora species. Journal of Microbiological Methods 67: 70–85.
Schena L., Surico G., Burruano S., Giambra S., Pane A., …, Cacciola S.O. 2018. First report of Neofusicoccum batangarum as causal agent of scabby cankers of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) in minor islands of Sicily. Plant Disease 102: 445.
Serrato-Diaz L.M., Aviles-Noriega A., Soto-Bauzó A., Rivera-Vargas L.I., Goenaga R., Bayman P. 2020. Botryosphaeriaceae fungi as causal agents of dieback and corky bark in rambutan and longan. Plant Disease 104: 105-115.
Shetty K.G., Minnis A.M., Rossman A.Y., Jayachandran K. 2011. The Brazilian peppertree seedborne pathogen, Neofusicoccum batangarum, a potential biocontrol agent. Biological Control 56: 91-97.
Slippers B., Wingfield M.J. 2007. Botryosphaeriaceae as endophytes and latent pathogens of woody plants: diversity, ecology and impact. Fungal Biol. Rev. 21: 90–106.
Slippers B., Crous P.W., Denman S., Coutinho T.A., Wingfield B.D., Wingfield M.J. 2004. Combined multiple gene genealogies and phenotypic characters differentiate several species previously identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea. Mycologia 96: 83-101.
Slippers B., Boissin E., Phillips A.J.L., Groenewald J.Z., Lombard L., …, Crous P.W. 2013. Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriales: a systematic and evolutionary framework. Studies in Mycology 76: 31–49.
Smith H., Wingfield M.J., Crous P.W., Coutinho T.A., 1996. Sphaeropsis sapinea and Botryosphaeria dothidea endophytic in Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. in South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 62: 86-88.
Somma V., Rosciglione B., Martelli G.P. 1973. Preliminary observations on gummous canker, a new disease of prickly pear. Tecnica Agricola 25: 437-443.
Tamura K., Nei M. 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10: 512-526.
Tamura K., Stecher G., Peterson D., Filipski A., Kumar S. 2013. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 2725–2729.
Uddin W., Stevenson, K.L., Pardo-Schultheiss R.A. 1997. Pathogenicity of a species of Phomopsis causing a shoot blight on peach in Georgia and evaluation of possible infection courts. Plant Disease 81: 983-98.
Yang T., Groenewald J.Z., Cheewangkoon R., Jami F., Abdollahzadeh J., … , Crous P.W. 2017. Families, genera, and species of Botryosphaeriales. Fungal Biology 121: 322-346.
Vaidya N.H., Hadjicostis C.N., Dominguez-Garcia A.D. 2011. Distributed algorithms for consensus and coordination in the presence of packet-dropping communication links-part II: Coefficients of ergodicity analysis approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1109.6392.
White T. J., Bruns T. D., Lee S. B., Taylor J. W. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA Genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR - Protocols and Applications - A Laboratory Manual (M.A. Innis, D.H. Gelfand, J.J. Sninsky, T.J White eds.), Academic Press Inc., New York, USA, 315-322.
Zhang M., Lin S., He W., Zhang Y. 2017. Three species of Neofusicoccum (Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales) associated with woody plants from southern China. Mycosphere 8: 797–808.
Begoude B.A.D., Slippers B., Wingfield M.J., Roux J. 2010. Botryosphaeriaceae associated with Terminalia catappa in Cameroon, South Africa and Madagascar. Mycological Progress 9: 101-123.
Begoude B.A.D., Slippers B., Wingfield M.J., Roux J. 2011. The pathogenic potential of endophytic Botryosphaeriaceous fungi on Terminalia species in Cameroon. Forest Pathology 41: 281-292
Burgess T.I., Tan Y.P., Garnas J., Edwards J., Scarlett K.A., …, Jami F. 2018. Current status of the Botryosphaeriaceae in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-018-0577-5
Burruano S., Mondello V., Conigliaro G., Alfonzo A., Spagnolo A., Mugnai L. 2008. Grapevine decline in Italy caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 47: 132–136.
Carbone I., Kohn L.M. 1999. A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Mycologia 91: 553–556.
Conforto C., Lima N.B., Garcete-Gómez J.M., Câmara M.P.S., Michereff S.J. 2016. First Report of Cladode Brown Spot in Cactus Prickly Pear Caused by Neofusicoccum batangarum in Brazil. Plant Disease 100: 1238.
Conforto C., Lima N.B., Silva F.J.A., Câmara M.P.S., Maharachchikumbura S., Michereff S.J. 2019. Characterization of fungal species associated with cladode brown spot on Nopalea cochenillifera in Brazil. European Journal of Plant Pathology 155: 1179-1194.
Crous P.W., Slippers B., Groenewald J.Z., Wingfield M.J. 2017. Botryosphaeriaceae: systematics, pathology, and genetics. Fungal Biology 121: 305-306.
Crous P.W., Slippers B., Wingfield M.J., Rheeder J., Marasas W.F.O., …, Groenewald J.Z. 2006. Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Studies in Mycology 55: 235-253.
Dissanayake A.J., Phillips A.J.L., Li X.H., Hyde K.D. 2016a. Botryosphaeriaceae: Current status of genera and species. Mycosphere 7: 1001–1073.
Dissanayake A.J., Camporesi E. Hyde K.D., Phillips A.J.L., Fu C.Y., ..., Li X.H.2016b. Dothiorella species associated with woody hosts in Italy. Mycosphere 7: 51–63.
Feijo F.M., Silva M.J.S., Nascimento A.D., Infante N.B., Ramos-Sobrinho R., …, Lima G.S.A. 2019. Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with the prickly pear cactus, Nopalea cochinellifera. Tropical Plant Pathology 44: 452-459.
Freeman S., Shabi, E.E. 1996 Cross-infection of subtropical and temperate fruits by Colletotrichum species from various hosts. Physiological Molecular Plant Pathology 49:395–404.
Garcete-Gómez J.M., Conforto C., Domínguez-Monge S., Flores-Sánchez J.L.F., Mora-Aguilera G., Michereff S.J. 2017. Sample size for assessment of cladode brown spot in prickly pear cactus. European Journal of Plant Pathology 149: 759-763.
Edgar R.C. 2004. Muscle: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research 32:1792-1797.
Glass N.L., Donaldson G.C. 1995. Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 1323-1330.
Granata G., Faedda R., and Ochoa M.J. 2017. Diseases of cactus pear. In: Crop Ecology, Cultivation and user of Cactus pear (P. Inglese, C. Mondragon, A. Nefzaoui, C. Saenz, eds.), FAO and ICARDA, Rome, 115-126.
Guarnaccia V., Crous P.W. 2017. Emerging citrus diseases in Europe caused by species of Diaporthe. IMA Fungus 8: 317–334.
Jami F., Wingfield M.J., Gryenhout M., Slippers B. 2017. Diversity of tree-infecting Botryosphaeriales on native and non-native trees in South Africa and Namibia. Australasian Plant Pathology 46: 529–545.
Kiesling R., Metzing D. 2017. Origin and Taxonomy of Opuntia ficus-indica. In: Crop Ecology, Cultivation and user of Cactus pear (P. Inglese, C. Mondragon, A. Nefzaoui, C. Saenz eds.), FAO and ICARDA, Rome, 14-19
Kumar S., Stecher G., Tamura K. 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33:1870-1874
Lawrence P.D., Peduto Hand F., Gubler W.D., Trouillas F.T. 2017. Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with dieback and canker disease of bay laurel in northern California with the description of Dothiorella californica sp. nov. Fungal Biology 121: 347-360.
Linaldeddu B.T., Scanu B., Maddau L., Franceschini A. 2014. Diplodia corticola and Phytophthora cinnamomi: the main pathogens involved in holm oak decline on Caprera island (Italy). Forest Pathology 44: 191–200.
Linaldeddu B.T., Alves A., Phillips A.J.L. 2016. Sardiniella urbana gen. et sp. nov., a new member of the Botryosphaeriaceae isolated from declining Celtis australis trees in Sardinian streets capes. Mycosphere 7: 893–905.
Lopes A., Barradas C., Phillips A.J.L., Alves A. 2016. Diversity and phylogeny of Neofusicoccum species occurring in forest and urban environments in Portugal. Mycosphere 7: 906–920.
Lopes A., Phillips A.J.L., Alves A. 2017. Mating type genes in the genus Neofusicoccum: Mating strategies and usefulness in species delimitation. Fungal Biology 121, 394-404.
Marsberg A., Kemler M., Jami F., Nagel J.H., Postma-Smidt A., …, Slippers B., 2017. Botryosphaeria dothidea: a latent pathogen of global importance to woody plant health. Molecular Plant Pathology 18: 477-488.
Masi M., Aloi F., Nocera P., Cacciola S.O., Surico G., Evidente A. 2020. Phytotoxic metabolites isolated from Neofusicoccum batangarum, the causal agent of the scabby canker of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.). Toxins 12: 126; doi:10.3390/toxins12020126
Meyer W., Mitchell T.G., Freedman E.Z., Vilgalys R. 1993. Hybridization probes for conventional DNA fingerprinting used as single primers in the polymerase chain reaction to distinguish strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31: 2274-2280.
Netto M.S.B., Lima W.G., Correia K.G., Da Silva C.F.B., Thon M., … Camâra M.P.F. 2017. Analysis of phylogeny, distribution and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with gummosis of Anacardium in Brasil, with a new species of Lasiodiplodia. Fungal Biology 121: 437-451.
Ochoa M.J., Barbera G., 2017. History and economic and agro-ecological importance. In: Crop Ecology, Cultivation and user of Cactus pear (P. Inglese, C. Mondragon, A. Nefzaoui, C. Saenz eds.), FAO and ICARDA, Rome, 1-12
Pavlic-Zupanc D., Wingfield M.J., Boissin, E., Slippers, B. 2015. The distribution of genetic diversity in the Neofusicoccum parvum/N. ribis complex suggests structure correlated with level of disturbance. Fungal Ecology 13: 93-102.
Phillips A.J.L., Alves A., Abdollahzadeh J., Slippers B., Wingfield M.J., …, Crous P.W. 2013. The Botryosphaeriaceae: Genera and species known from culture. Studies in Mycology 76: 51-167
Phillips A.J.L., Alves A., Pennycook S. R., Johnston P.R., Ramaley A., ..., Crous P.W. 2008. Resolving the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of dark-spored teleomorph genera in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Persoonia 21: 29-55
Pretto F., Celesti-Grapow L., Carli E., Brundu G., Blasi C. 2012. Determinants of non-native plant species richness and composition across small Mediterranean islands. Biological Invasions 14: 2559-2572.
Rayner R.W. 1970. A Mycological Colour Chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew.
Santana M.D., de Lima Leite I.C.H., da Silva Santos I.C., Michereff S.J., Freitas-Lopes R.do L., Lopes U.P. 2020. Reduction of cladode brown spot in cactus pear in semiarid growing areas and yield increase using fungicides. Journal of Plant Pathology https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-019-00462-9
Santos J.M., Phillips A.J.L. 2009. Resolving the complex of Diaporthe (Phomopsis) species occurring on Foeniculum vulgare in Portugal. Fungal Diversity 34: 111-125.
Schena L., Cooke D.E.L., 2006. Assessing the potential of regions of the nuclear and mitochondrial genome to develop a “molecular tool box” for the detection and characterization of Phytophthora species. Journal of Microbiological Methods 67: 70–85.
Schena L., Surico G., Burruano S., Giambra S., Pane A., …, Cacciola S.O. 2018. First report of Neofusicoccum batangarum as causal agent of scabby cankers of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) in minor islands of Sicily. Plant Disease 102: 445.
Serrato-Diaz L.M., Aviles-Noriega A., Soto-Bauzó A., Rivera-Vargas L.I., Goenaga R., Bayman P. 2020. Botryosphaeriaceae fungi as causal agents of dieback and corky bark in rambutan and longan. Plant Disease 104: 105-115.
Shetty K.G., Minnis A.M., Rossman A.Y., Jayachandran K. 2011. The Brazilian peppertree seedborne pathogen, Neofusicoccum batangarum, a potential biocontrol agent. Biological Control 56: 91-97.
Slippers B., Wingfield M.J. 2007. Botryosphaeriaceae as endophytes and latent pathogens of woody plants: diversity, ecology and impact. Fungal Biol. Rev. 21: 90–106.
Slippers B., Crous P.W., Denman S., Coutinho T.A., Wingfield B.D., Wingfield M.J. 2004. Combined multiple gene genealogies and phenotypic characters differentiate several species previously identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea. Mycologia 96: 83-101.
Slippers B., Boissin E., Phillips A.J.L., Groenewald J.Z., Lombard L., …, Crous P.W. 2013. Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriales: a systematic and evolutionary framework. Studies in Mycology 76: 31–49.
Smith H., Wingfield M.J., Crous P.W., Coutinho T.A., 1996. Sphaeropsis sapinea and Botryosphaeria dothidea endophytic in Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. in South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 62: 86-88.
Somma V., Rosciglione B., Martelli G.P. 1973. Preliminary observations on gummous canker, a new disease of prickly pear. Tecnica Agricola 25: 437-443.
Tamura K., Nei M. 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10: 512-526.
Tamura K., Stecher G., Peterson D., Filipski A., Kumar S. 2013. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 2725–2729.
Uddin W., Stevenson, K.L., Pardo-Schultheiss R.A. 1997. Pathogenicity of a species of Phomopsis causing a shoot blight on peach in Georgia and evaluation of possible infection courts. Plant Disease 81: 983-98.
Yang T., Groenewald J.Z., Cheewangkoon R., Jami F., Abdollahzadeh J., … , Crous P.W. 2017. Families, genera, and species of Botryosphaeriales. Fungal Biology 121: 322-346.
Vaidya N.H., Hadjicostis C.N., Dominguez-Garcia A.D. 2011. Distributed algorithms for consensus and coordination in the presence of packet-dropping communication links-part II: Coefficients of ergodicity analysis approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1109.6392.
White T. J., Bruns T. D., Lee S. B., Taylor J. W. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA Genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR - Protocols and Applications - A Laboratory Manual (M.A. Innis, D.H. Gelfand, J.J. Sninsky, T.J White eds.), Academic Press Inc., New York, USA, 315-322.
Zhang M., Lin S., He W., Zhang Y. 2017. Three species of Neofusicoccum (Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales) associated with woody plants from southern China. Mycosphere 8: 797–808.