Vol. 129 No. 2 (2025)
Original Article

Overview of the gut-liver-brain axis with particular emphasis on ferroptosis

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  • Romina Mancinelli,
  • Giorgio Vivacqua,
  • Stefano Leone,
  • Francesca Arciprete,
  • Rosa Vaccaro,
  • Ludovica Garro,
  • Claudia Caturano,
  • Marco Tagliafierro,
  • Francesco Emanuele Bellomi,
  • Filippo Maria Bassi,
  • Viola Velardi,
  • Emanuele Bocci,
  • Ludovica Ceci,
  • Sara Vitali,
  • Andrea Bassi,
  • Antonio Franchitto,
  • Paolo Onori,
  • Eugenio Gaudio,
  • Arianna Casini
Romina Mancinelli
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Giorgio Vivacqua
Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Italy
Stefano Leone
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Francesca Arciprete
Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Italy
Rosa Vaccaro
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Ludovica Garro
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Claudia Caturano
Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Italy
Marco Tagliafierro
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Francesco Emanuele Bellomi
Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Italy
Filippo Maria Bassi
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Viola Velardi
Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Italy
Emanuele Bocci
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Ludovica Ceci
Interdisciplinary Department of Well-Being, Health and Environment Sustainability (BESSA), Sapienza University, Rieti, Italy
Sara Vitali
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Andrea Bassi
Department of Life Science, Health and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy
Antonio Franchitto
Division of Health Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Italy
Paolo Onori
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Eugenio Gaudio
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Arianna Casini
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-16577

Published 2025-12-30

Keywords

  • ferroptosis,
  • gut-brain axis,
  • neuroinflammation

How to Cite

Mancinelli, R., Vivacqua, G., Leone, S., Arciprete, F., Vaccaro, R., Garro, L., … Casini, A. (2025). Overview of the gut-liver-brain axis with particular emphasis on ferroptosis. Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology, 129(2), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-16577

Copyright (c) 2025 Romina Mancinelli, Giorgio Vivacqua, Stefano Leone, Francesca Arciprete, Rosa Vaccaro, Ludovica Garro, Claudia Caturano, Marco Tagliafierro, Francesco Emanuele Bellomi, Filippo Maria Bassi, Viola Velardi, Emanuele Bocci, Ludovica Ceci, Sara Vitali, Andrea Bassi, Antonio Franchitto, Paolo Onori, Eugenio Gaudio, Arianna Casini

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Ferroptosis is a form of cellular death involved in the origin, progression, but also regulation of several human diseases. Its regulatory role in the gut-liver-brain axis (GLBA) has not been clarified. Therefore, we sought to summarize the possible correlations between ferroptosis and the GLBA. In this review, we first introduce the phenotype and the main mechanisms of this relatively newly described form of regulated cell death. Then, we analyse the anatomy of the GLBA, describing the connections between the gut and the liver, followed by the anatomical pathways from the gut to the brain and from the liver to the brain. After the morphological aspects, we summarize the main biological modulators of the GLBA, highlighting their physiological and pathological roles. In the end, we discuss in detail the regulatory role of ferroptosis on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress along GLBA, highlighting the key aspects that could be of significant clinical importance as future diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

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