Articles
Published 2022-03-25
Keywords
- Antioxidant enzymes,
- biomass,
- defense mechanism,
- Solanum tuberosum
How to Cite
[1]
N. Peymani, A. R. Golparvar, M. Nasresfahani, E. Mahmoudi, and M. Shams, “Candidate marker genes and enzymes for selection of potato with resistance to early blight, caused by Alternaria alternata”, Phytopathol. Mediterr., vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 11–26, Mar. 2022.
Abstract
Early blight, caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler is a serious disease of potato and other cultivated Solanum species. The molecular components defining defense responses to A. alternata in potato are limited. Host transcript accumulation after A. alternata inoculation of six potato genotypes (10/33/R1, 3/33/R2 and 21/33/R2, resistant to the pathogen, and 8707/106, 8703/804 and 8707/112, susceptible) was examined to develop understanding of mechanisms of their responses to A. alternata genotypes. The marker genes PR-2, ChtA, PR-5, PR1-b, PIN2, ERF3, PAL and LOX, activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPOs) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), as well as biomass growth parameters, were analysed. Expression of PR-2, ChtA, PR-5, PR1-b and PAL genes was greatly increased in the inoculated resistant genotypes compared to the susceptible genotypes and un-inoculated controls. Transcription levels of PIN2, ERF3 and LOX genes were decreased in resistant inoculated plants. Simultaneously, activities of POX, SOD and PPOs were greatly increased in the inoculated resistant host genotypes, compared to the susceptible and non-inoculated controls. CAT activity in genotype 21/33/R2 and PAL activity in resistant genotypes 21/33/R2 and 10/33/R1 increased in the susceptible and non-inoculated. Host growth parameters of inoculated plants decreased compared to un-inoculated controls. Knowledge of changes in gene expression levels and enzyme production in defense processes in infected potato plants can inform future studies to identify the defense mechanisms, and assist generation of potato cultivars resistant to early blight.
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References
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Brouwer S.M., Odilbekov F., Burra D.D. et al. 2020. Intact salicylic acid signalling is required for potato defence against the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria solani. Plant Mol Biol 104: 1–19.
Chen G., Hu Z., Grierson D., 2008. Differential regulation of tomato ethylene responsive factor LeERF3b, a putative repressor, and the activator Pti4 in ripening mutants and in response to environmental stresses. J Plant Physiol 165: 662-670.
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Dazy M., Masfaraud J.-F., Férard J.-F., 2009. Induction of oxidative stress biomarkers associated with heavy metal stress in Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. Chemosphere 75: 297-302.
Debbarma J., Sarki Y.N., Saikia B., Boruah H.P.D., Singha D.L., Chikkaputtaiah C., 2019. Ethylene response factor (ERF) family proteins in abiotic stresses and CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing of ERFs for multiple abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants: a review. Mol Biotechnol 61: 153-172.
Derksen H., Badawi M., Henriquez M.A., Yao Z., El‐Bebany A.F., Daayf F., 2013. Differential expression of potato defence genes associated with the salicylic acid defence signalling pathway in response to weakly and highly aggressive isolates of Verticillium dahliae. J Phytopathol 161: 142-153.
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Ding S., Meinholz K., Cleveland K., Jordan S.A., Gevens A.J., 2019. Diversity and virulence of Alternaria spp. causing potato early blight and Brown spot in Wisconsin. Phytopathology 109: 436-445.
Esfahani M.N., 2018a. Analysis of virulence and genetic variability of Alternaria alternata associated with leaf spot disease in potato plants in Iran. Acta Mycologica 53: 1−9.
Esfahani M.N., 2018b. Identification of Ulocladium atrum causing potato leaf blight in Iran. Phytopathol Mediterr 57: 112-114.
Gallou A., Mosquera H.P.L., Cranenbrouck S., Suárez J.P., Declerck S., 2011. Mycorrhiza induced resistance in potato plantlets challenged by Phytophthora infestans. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 76 20-26.
Gangadhar B. H., Sajeesh K., Venkatesh J. et al. 2016. Enhanced Tolerance of Transgenic Potato Plants Over-Expressing Non-specific Lipid Transfer Protein-1 (StnsLTP1) against Multiple Abiotic Stresses. Frontiers in plant science: 1228.
Ghasemi A.R., Golparvar A.R., Nasr Esfahani M., 2014. Analysis of genetic diversity of sugar beet genotypes using random amplified polymorphic DNA marker. Genetika 46: 975-984.
Giannopolitis C.N., Ries S.K., 1977. Superoxide dismutases: II. Purification and quantitative relationship with water-soluble protein in seedlings. Plant Physiol 59: 315-318.
Hamza R., Pérez-Hedo M., Urbaneja A., Rambla J.L., Granell A., Gaddour K., Beltrán J.P., Cañas L.A., 2018. Expression of two barley proteinase inhibitors in tomato promotes endogenous defensive response and enhances resistance to Tuta absoluta. BMC Plant Biol 18: 24.
Hashemi L., Golparvar A. R., Nasr Esfahani M., Golabadi M. (2019). Correlation between cucumber genotype and resistance to damping-off disease caused by Phytophthora melonis. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 33 1: 1494-1504,
Hashemi L., Golparvar A.R., Nasr-Esfahani M., Golabadi M., 2020. Expression analysis of defense-related genes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) against Phytophthora melonis. Mol Biol Rep 45: 1-12.
Hellmann E., Helariutta Y., 2019. Plant Genetics: Advances in Regeneration Pathways. Curr Biol 29, R702-R704.
Heyman J., Canher B., Bisht A., Christiaens F., De Veylder L., 2018. Emerging role of the plant ERF transcription factors in coordinating wound defense responses and repair. J Cell Sci 131: 208215.
Hoegen E., Strömberg A., Pihlgren U., Kombrink E., 2002. Primary structure and tissue‐specific expression of the pathogenesis‐related protein PR‐1b in potato. Mol Plant Pathol 3: 329-345.
Hou Y., Ban Q., Meng K., He Y., Han, S., Jin M., Rao J., 2018. Overexpression of persimmon 9-lipoxygenase DkLOX3 confers resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis. Plant Growth Reg 84: 179-189.
Hu T., Hu Z., Zeng H., Qv X., Chen G., 2015. Tomato lipoxygenase D involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress in tomato. Plant Biotechnol Rep 9: 37-45.
Hu Z., Zhang H., Shi K., 2018. Plant peptides in plant defense responses. Plant signaling & behavior 13: 1475175.
Huang K., Zhong, Y., Li Y., Zheng, D., Cheng Z.-M., 2016. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the apple ASR gene family in response to Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali. Genome 59: 866-878.
Hussain T., 2016. Potatoes: ensuring food for the future. Adv Plants Agr Res 3: 00117.
Isah T., 2019. Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production. Biol Res 52: 39. doi.org /10.1186/s40659-019-0246-3.
Jiang D., Chen F. X., Zhou H., Lu Y. Y., Tan H., Yu S. J., et al., 2020. Bioenergetic crosstalk between mesenchymal stem cells and various ocular cells through the intercellular trafficking of mitochondria. Theranostics 10: 7260.
Kawar P.G., 2016. Enriched potato for mitigating hidden hunger, Biofort Food Crops. Springer, pp. 433-457.
Kgatle M., Flett B., Truter M., Aveling T., 2020. Control of Alternaria leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata on sunflower using fungicides and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Crop Pro: 105146.
Khan A., Nasir I.A., Tabassum B., Aaliya K., Tariq M., Rao A.Q., 2017. Expression studies of chitinase gene in transgenic potato against Alternaria solani. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 128: 563-576.
Kim Y.-H., Jeong J.C., Park S., Lee H.-S., Kwak S.-S., 2012. Molecular characterization of two ethylene response factor genes in sweetpotato that respond to stress and activate the expression of defense genes in tobacco leaves. J Plant Physiol 169: 1112-1120.
Kolomiets M.V., Chen H., Gladon R.J., Braun E., Hannapel D.J., 2000. A leaf lipoxygenase of potato induced specifically by pathogen infection. Plant Physiol 124: 1121-1130.
Kumari, M., Kumar M., Solankey S.S., 2018. Breeding Potato for Quality Improvement. Potato: From Incas to All Over the World IntechOpen: 37-59.
Lekota M., Muzhinji N., Van der Waals J.E., 2019. Identification of differentially expressed genes in tolerant and susceptible potato cultivars in response to Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea tuber infection. Plant Pathol 68: 1196-1206.
Li C., Ren Y., Jiang S., Zhou S., Zhao J., Wang R., Li Y., 2018. Effects of dietary supplementation of four strains of lactic acid bacteria on growth, immune-related response and genes expression of the juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. Fish & Shellfish Immunol 74: 69-75.
Li H., Dong Q., Zhao Q., Shi S., Ran K., 2020. Isolation, sequencing, and expression analysis of 30 AP2/ERF transcription factors in apple. PeerJ 8: e8391.
Liu Y., Xin J., Liu L., Song A., Guan Z., Fang W., Chen F., 2020. A temporal gene expression map of Chrysanthemum leaves infected with Alternaria alternata reveals different stages of defense mechanisms. Horti Res 7: 1-14.
Liu L., Li J., Yue F., Yan X., Wang F., Bloszies S., Wang Y., 2018. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and biochar amendment on maize growth, cadmium uptake and soil cadmium speciation in Cd-contaminated soil. Chemosphere 194: 495-503.
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