Are the SEZs a place of social and urban conflicts? A look under the perspective of geographical social justice and inclusion

Abstract

In this article the Special Economic Zones “SEZ” are analyzed according to a new social vision linked to conflicts arising from policy problems and other negative phenomena. Port areas are not always the site of economic development but also of lack of growth and increase in social disparities, which occur on different dimensions. The article therefore raises a reflection on what problems can arise at a social and urban level if SEZs are not well built. For the development of SEZs we used the theory of change to identify necessary phases and solutions. The analysis focused on two fronts, one nationally Italian, and the other foreign. Starting with the most challenging international SEZs, where disputes have been most severe, we question whether the SEZ regulations in place today can prevent disputes and exclusions. Five sectors have been recognized as having more vulnerabilities due to SEZs. We conclude by outlining recommendations for improving the well-being of citizens and addressing social issues that may arise from Special Economic Zones (SEZs).