Digital Transformation in Building Construction: Challenges, Opportunities, and Combined Impacts of Digital Solutions

Abstract

The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector is undergoing a profound transformation driven by digital innovations to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and business success. However, given the vast and heterogeneous data generated across building lifecycle stages, the sector faces challenges related to fragmented processes and a lack of interoperability. This paper presents a systematic literature review of digital solutions investigated in the AEC sector, focusing on their application and integration over the last decade. The study categorises the digital solutions into three main areas based on their purpose—data acquisition, digital information, and digital fabrication and automation—further subdividing them into six subcategories. Using bibliometric analysis, Venn diagrams, and radar charts based on Technology Readiness Level (TRL), Application Areas Level (AAL), and Integrability Level (IL), the research highlights the sector's current fragmentation and the persistent challenge of interoperability.  Results show a strong presence of information modelling solutions, often integrated with monitoring technologies, but limited cross-category integration. While digital tools offer significant opportunities—such as real-time monitoring, enhanced collaboration, and ESG compliance—their full potential is hindered by technological, organisational, and regulatory barriers. The paper underscores the need for integrated frameworks and shared standards to overcome these challenges, suggesting that digital transformation aligned with ESG goals can lead to more resilient, efficient, and sustainable construction practices.