Examining financial inclusion-agricultural productivity connection in south asian countries: evidence from FMOLS and DOLS approaches
Published 2023-09-26
Keywords
- financial inclusion,
- financial inclusion index,
- agricultural productivity,
- FMOLS and DOLS
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2023 Susanta Kumar Sethy, Phanindra Goyari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of financial inclusion on agricultural productivity in South Asian countries from 2004 to 2018. By following the Human Development Index method, we construct a multidimensional time-varying financial inclusion index to measure the level of financial inclusion. The long-run elasticity of financial inclusion on agricultural productivity is examined by using the FMOLS and DOLS approaches. The empirical results confirm that financial inclusion has a positive impact on agricultural productivity. Furthermore, the interaction term between financial inclusion and human capital is positively associated with agricultural productivity. These results suggest that South Asian countries can increase agricultural productivity by improving the coverage of financial inclusion in the long run.
Downloads
Metrics
References
- Agbodji A.E., Johnson A.A. (2019). Agricultural credit and its impact on the productivity of certain cereals in Togo. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 57(12): 3320-3336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2019.1602038
- Alam A., Casero P.A, Khan F., Udomsaph C. (2008). Productivity growth in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Unleashing Prosperity, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and The World Bank, Washington, DC.
- Alauddin M., Biswas J. (2014). Agricultural Credit in Bangladesh: Trends, Patterns, Problems and Growth Impacts. The Jahangirnagar Economic Review, 25: 126-138.
- Asadullah M.M., Rahman S. (2009). Farm productivity and efficiency in rural Bangladesh: the role of education revisited. Applied Economics, 41(1): 17-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840601019125
- Atakli B.A., Agbenyo W. (2020). Nexus between Financial Inclusion, Gender and Agriculture Productivity in Ghana. Theoretical Economics Letters, 10(3): 545-562. DOI: 10.4236/tel.2020.103035
- Awunyo-Vitor D., Al-Hassan R.M., Sarpong D.B., Egyir I. (2014). Agricultural credit rationing in Ghana: what do formal lenders look for?. Agricultural Finance Review, 74(3): 364-378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-01-2013-0004
- Baffoe G., Matsuda H., Masafumi N., Akiyama T. (2014). The Dynamics of Rural Credit and Its Impacts on Agricultural Productivity: An Empirical Study in Rural Ghana. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(5): 19-34.
- Barro R.J., Lee J.W. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010. NBER Working Paper 15902.
- Bashir M.K., Mehmood Y., Hassan S. (2010). Impact of Agricultural Credit on Productivity of Wheat Crop: Evidence from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 47(4): 403-407.
- Binswanger H.P., Khandker S.R., Rosenzweig M.R. (1993). How Infrastructure and Financial Institutions Affect Agricultural Output and Investment in India. Journal of Development Economics, 41(2): 337-366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(93)90062-R
- Blancard S., Boussemart J.P., Briec W., Kerstens K. (2006). Short- and Long Run Credit Constraints in French Agriculture: A Directional Distance Function Framework Using Expenditure-Constrained Profit Functions. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 88(2): 351-364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2006.00863.x
- CBSL (2015). Central Bureau of Statistics of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka 2014; Statistics Department: Colombo, Sri Lanka.
- Chandio A.A., Jiang Y., Joyo M.A., Rehman A. (2016a). Impact of area under cultivation, water availability, credit disbursement, and fertilizer off-take on wheat production in Pakistan. Journal of Applied Environment and Biological Science, 6(10): 10-18.
- Chandio A.A., Yuansheng J., Sahito J.G.M., Larik S.A. (2016b). Impact of formal credit on agricultural output: evidence from Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 10(8): 162-168. DOI: https://doi.org/5897/AJBM2015.8042
- Chandio A.A., Jiang Y., Wei F., Guangshun X. (2018). Effects of agricultural credit on wheat productivity of small farms in Sindh, Pakistan: Are short-term loans better?. Agricultural Financial Review, 78(5): 592-610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-02-2017-0010
- Chandio A.A., Jiang Y., Abbas Q., Amin A., Mohsin M. (2022). Does financial development enhance agricultural production in the long‐run? Evidence from China. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(2): 2342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2342
- Chavan P., Sivamurugan T. (2017). Formal Credit and Small Farmers in India. In book: How to Small Farmers Fare? Chapter: Formal Credit and Small Farmers in India, Publisher: Tulika Books, Edited by Madhura Swaminathan and Sandipan Baksi.
- Ciaian P., Falkowski J., Kancs D. (2012). Productivity and credit constraints: A firm-level propensity score evidence for agricultural farms in central and east European countries. Acta Oeconomica, 62(4): 459-487.
- Cull R., Ehrbeck T., Holle N. (2014). Financial inclusion and development: recent impact evidence. The Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, (92): 1-12.
- Danish Zhang J., Hassan S.T., Iqbal K. (2019).Toward achieving environmental sustainability target in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries: The role of real income, research and development, and transport infrastructure. Sustainable Development, 28(1): 83-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1973
- Das A., Senapati M., John J. (2009). Impact of Agricultural Credit on Agriculture Production: An Empirical Analysis in India. Reserve Bank of India Occasional Papers, 30(2): 75-107.
- Djomo J.M.N., Sikod F. (2012). The Effects of Human Capital on Agricultural Productivity and Farmer’s Income in Cameroon. International Business Research, 5(4): 149-159. DOI:10.5539/ibr.v5n4p149
- Danladi J.D., Falaye M.H., Ochinke N.A. (2021). The effect of agricultural financing on agricultural productivity in Nigeria.
- Dong F., Lu J., Featherstone A.M. (2012). Effects of credit constraints on household productivity in rural China. Agricultural Financial Review, 72(3): 402-415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00021461211277259
- Echevarria P.C. (1998). A Three-Factor Agricultural Production Function: The Case of Canada. International Economic Journal, 12(3): 63-75. DOI: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10168739800000029
- Feder G., Lau L.J., Lin J.Y., Luo X. (1989). Agricultural credit and farm performance in China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 13(4): 508-526.
- Fowowe B. (2020). The effects of financial inclusion on agricultural productivity in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Development, 22(1):61-79.
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2022). The future of food and agriculture – Drivers and triggers for transformation. The Future of Food and Agriculture, No. 3. Rome.
- Fulginiti L., Perrin R. (1993). Prices and Productivity in Agriculture.The Review of Economics and Statistics, 75(3): 471-82.
- Guirkinger C., Boucher S.R. (2008). Credit Constraints and Productivity in Peruvian
- Agriculture. Agricultural Economics, 39(3): 295-308.
- Gurley J.G., Shaw E.S. (1955). Financial aspects of economic development. American Economic Review, 45(4): 515-538.
- Goel S., Sharma R. (2017). Developing a Financial Inclusion Index for India. Procedia Computer Science, 122: 949-956. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.459
- Goldsmith R.W. (1969). Financial Structure and Development. New Haven Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
- Gyeltshen T. (2012). Formal and Informal Credit Markets in Rural Bhutan. MSc. Thesis in Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
- Hart J., Milijkovic D., Shaik S. (2015). The impact of trade openness on technical efficiency in the agricultural sector of the European Union. Applied Economics, 47(12): 1230-1247.
- Hussein M.H. (2009). State of Microfinance in Bhutan. Prepared for Institute of Microfinance (InM), As part of the project on State of Microfinance in SAARC Countries.
- Iftikhar S., Mahmood H.Z. (2017). Ranking and relationship of agricultural credit with food security: A district level analysis. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 3(1): 1-16.
- ILO (2015). International Labour Organization. Key Indicators of the Labour Market Database; International Labour Organization: Rome, Italy.
- Im S.K., Pesaran M., Shin Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1): 53-74.
- Iqbal M., Ahmad M., Abbas K. (2003). The Impact of Institutional Credit on Agricultural Production in Pakistan.The Pakistan Development Review, 42(4): 469-485.
- Kawagoe T., Hayami Y., Ruttan V.W. (1985). The Inter-country Agricultural Production
- Function and Productivity Differences among Countries. Journal of Development Economics,
- (1): 113‐32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(85)90041-0
- Khandker S.R., Koolwal G.B. (2015). How has microcredit supported agriculture? Evidence using panel data from Bangladesh. Agricultural Economics, 47(2): 157-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12185
- Kim D.H. (2011). Trade, growth and income. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 20: 677-709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2011.538966
- Kumar A., Singh K., Sinha S. (2010). Institutional credit to agriculture sector in India: Status, performance and determinants. Agricultural economics Research Review, 23(2): 253-64.
- Kuznets S. (1961). Economic Growth and the Contribution of Agriculture: Notes on Measurement. International Journal of Agrarian Affairs, 3(2): 20. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.229152
- Kwakwa P.A., Alhassan H., Adzawla W. (2022). Environmental degradation effect on agricultural development: an aggregate and a sectoral evidence of carbon dioxide emissions from Ghana. Journal of Business and Socio-economic Development, 2(1): 82-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JBSED-10-2021-0136
- Laha A., Kuri P.K. (2013). Financial Inclusion and Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from Rural West Bengal, India, Journal of Economic Policy and Research, 8(2).
- Lliyasu A.S. (2019). An empirical analysis of the impact of interest rate on agriculture in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 10(22): 106-112. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-22-19
- Lockheed M.E., Jamison D.T., Lau L.J. (1980). Farmer’s education and farms efficiency: A survey. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 29(1): 37-76. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451231
- Looney R.E. (1994). The impact of infrastructure on Pakistan’s agricultural sector. The Journal of Developing Areas, 28(4): 469-486.
- Magazzino C., Mele M., Santeramo F.G. (2021). Using an Artificial Neural Networks Experiment to Assess the Links among Financial Development and Growth in Agriculture. Sustainability, 13(5): 2828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052828
- Misra R., Chavan P., Verma R. (2016). Agricultural Credit in India in the 2000s: Growth, Distribution and Linkages with Productivity”, Margin-The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 10(2): 169-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0973801015625
- Moahid M., Maharjan K.L. (2020). Factors Affecting Farmers’ Access to Formal and Informal Credit: Evidence from Rural Afghanistan. Sustainability, 12(3): 12-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031268
- Mohapatra R., Sen B. (2013). Technical, allocative in sugarcane production: a nonparametric approach. International Journal of Advanced Research, 1(6): 366-374.
- Mujtaba A., Pawar S., Joshi D.P.P., Gopinathan R. (2022). Examining asymmetric impact of climatic factors on crop yields in India, Applied Economics Letters. DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2022.2064416.
- Nakano Y., Magezi E.F. (2020). The impact of microcredit on agricultural technology adoption and productivity: Evidence from randomized control trial in Tanzania. World Development, 133(C). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104997
- Narayanan S. (2016). The productivity of agricultural credit in India. Agricultural Economics, 47(4): 399-409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12239
- NASA (2016). Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels Will Help and Hurt Crops.
- Nathan Associates (2015). The intersection of agricultural and financial markets.
- Navin R.E. (1988). Institutional Credit in Bangladesh Agriculture. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University, Economics and Sociology Occasional Paper No. 1527, November 3, p.49.
- Nguyen D. (1979). On Agricultural Productivity Differences among Countries. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61(3): 565-570.
- Olaniyi E. (2017). Back to the land: The impact of financial inclusion on Agriculture in Nigeria, Iranian Economic Review, 21(4): 885-903.
- Omar M.A., Inaba K. (2020). Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis, Journal of Economic Structures, 9(37). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00214-4
- Onoja J.J. (2017). Financial Sector Development and Agricultural Productivity. Master’s Thesis. The University of San Francisco.
- Park C.Y., Mercado R.V. (2015). Financial Inclusion, Poverty, and Income Inequality in Developing Asia. ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No.426.
- Pathak B.P. (2010). Review for improving Microfinance services in Bhutan. Microfinance/Agriculture Credit Consultant Kyingkhor Consultancy Services, Thimphu, Bhutan.
- Pedroni P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1): 653-670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
- Pedroni P. (2001a). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels, Emerald Publishing, Bingley, 93-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15004-2
- Petrick M. (2004b). A Microeconometric Analysis of Credit Rationing in the Polish Farm Sector. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 31(1): 77-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/31.1.77
- Phillips P.C.B.M., Moon H.R. (1999). Linear regression limit theory for nonstationary panel data. Econometrica, 67(5): 1057-1111.
- Rahman M.W., Luo J., Cheng E. (2011). Policies and performances of agricultural/rural credit in Bangladesh: What is the influence on agricultural production?” African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6(31): 6440-6452.
- Reimers M., Klasen S. (2013). Revisiting the role of education for agricultural productivity. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 95(1): 131-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas118
- Rigobon R., Rodrik D. (2005). Rule of law, democracy, openness, and income: Estimating the interrelationships. The Economics of Transition, 13(3): 533-564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2005.00226.x
- SAARC Secretariat (2014). Best Practices in Poverty Alleviation and SDGs in South Asia: A Compendium; SAARC Secretariat: Kathmandu, Nepal, 2014.
- Saiti B., Afghan M., Noordin N.H. (2018). Financing agricultural activities in Afghanistan: a proposed salam-based crowd funding structure. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 10(1): 52-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-09-2017-0029
- Sarker S., Gosh S.K., Palit M. (2015). Role of Banking-Sector to Inclusive Growth through Inclusive Finance in Bangladesh. Studies in Business and Economics, 10(2): 145-159.
- Sarma M. (2008). Index of financial inclusion. ICRIER Working Paper No. 215, New Delhi.
- Sarma M. (2015). Measuring Financial Inclusion. Economics Bulletin, 35(1): 604-611.
- Schumpeter J.A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge Harvard University Press.
- Sethi D., Sethy S.K. (2019). Financial inclusion matters for economic growth in India: some evidence from cointegration analysis. International journal of social economics, 46(1): 132-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2017-0444
- Sethy S.K. (2016). Developing a financial inclusion index and inclusive growth in India. Theoretical and Applied Economic, 2(607): 187-206.
- Sethy S.K., Goyari P. (2018). Measuring financial inclusion of Indian states: An empirical study. Indian Journal of Economics and Development, 14(1): 111-118.
- Sethy S.K., Goyari P. (2022). Financial inclusion and financial stability nexus revisited in South Asian countries: evidence from a new multidimensional financial inclusion index. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 14(5): 674-693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFEP-07-2021-0195
- Sethy S.K., Goyari P. (2022). Measuring financial inclusion and its present status in South Asian countries. Evidence from a multidimensional Financial Inclusion Index. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 3(632): 131-150.
- Sethy S.K., Mir T.A., Gopinathan R., Joshi D.P.P. (2023). Exploring the socio-economic attributes of financial inclusion in India: a decomposition analysis. International Journal of Social Economics (forth coming). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-08-2021-0451.
- Sethy S.K. (2023). Measuring Financial Inclusion and Its Purpose: A Cross-Country Impact Assessment. Asian Economics Letters, 4(Early View). DOI: https://doi.org/10.46557/001c.70299
- Sial M.H., Awan M.S., Waqas M. (2011).Role of institutional credit on agricultural production: a time series analysis of Pakistan, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(2): 126-132.
- Shahbaz M., Shabbir M.S., Butt M.S. (2013). Effect of financial development on agricultural growth in Pakistan new extensions from bounds test to level relationships and Granger causality tests. International Journal of Social Economics, 40(8): 707-728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-01-2012-0002
- Schultz T.W. (1980). Schultz, T. W. (1980). Nobel Lecture: The Economics of Being Poor. Journal of Political Economy, 88(4): 639-651. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/260895
- Sidhu R.S., Vatta K., Kaur A. (2008). Dynamics of institutional agricultural credit and growth in Punjab: contribution and demand-supply gap. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 21: 407-414. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.47891
- Stock J.H., Watson M.W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61(4): 783-820. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2951763
- Ulasan B. (2015). Trade openness and economic growth: panel evidence. Applied Economics Letters, 22(2): 163-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.931914
- USAID (2018). Agricultural credit in Afghanistan. Under USAID BPA Call AID-306-BC-15-00005 Agricultural Credit Enhancement II Project, Implemented by the Business Department of American University of Afghanistan.
- Vamvakids A. (2002). How Robust Is the Growth-Openness Connection? Historical Evidence. Journal of Economic Growth, 7(1): 57-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013418610712
- Wang S.W., Manjur B., Kim J.G., Lee W.K. (2019). Assessing Socio-Economic Impacts of Agricultural Subsidies: A Case Study from Bhutan. Sustainability, 11(12): 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123266
- Wang Y., Zhang X., Kubota J., Zhu X., Lu G. (2015). A semi-parametric panel data analysis on the urbanization-carbon emissions nexus for OECD countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (48): 704-709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.046
- World Bank (2007). World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. Washington, DC.
- Zakaria M., Jun W., Khan M.F. (2019). Impact of financial development on agricultural
- productivity in South Asia. Agricultural Economics – Czech, 65(5): 232-239. DOI: DOI: 10.17221/199/2018-AGRICECON
- Zepeda L. (2001). Agricultural investment and productivity in developing countries. FAO Economic and Social Development paper No.148.