Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026)
Articles

Language, Nature, and Society: A Grey Future for the Linnaean Names of Animals and Plants

Alessandro Minelli
già Professore di Zoologia, Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali, Università di Padova, Italia

Published 2026-03-26

Keywords

  • Linnaean taxonomy,
  • biological nomenclature,
  • species concept,
  • biodiversity data,
  • semantic instability,
  • decolonization of science
  • ...More
    Less

Abstract

The essay examines the historical foundations and current challenges of Linnaean taxonomy in light of contemporary debates on biological nomenclature, data management, and social pressures. It traces the persistence of Linnaean principles, such as the fixity of species and the universality of names, through the evolutionary and digital ages, highlighting the growing instability of taxonomic concepts and the fragmentation of species lists. Particular attention is given to recent calls for reform, including the replacement of politically or culturally sensitive names and the proposal to adopt indigenous nomenclatures. These developments are assessed as potential threats to the consistency and universality of scientific naming, revealing tensions between scientific governance, technological mediation, and societal values in the representation of biodiversity.

References

  1. Agosti, Donat, and Egloff, Willi (2009). “Taxonomic Information Exchange and Copyright: the Plazi Approach”. BMC Research Notes 2 (53): 53.
  2. Agosti, Donat et al. (2023). “The Ecosystem of Linked Biodiversity Publications: General Picture of Tools and Services Created by Plazi, Pensoft, MNHN, CETAF, Zenodo, and SIBiLS”. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 7: e110681.
  3. Barták, Miroslav and Kubík, Štěpán (2016). “New Species and New Synonyms in European Platypalpus (Diptera: Hybotidae)”. Zootaxa 4217: 142-154.
  4. Berendsohn, Walter G. (1995). “The Concept of ‘Potential Taxa’ in Databases”: Taxon, 44: 207-212.
  5. Brigandt, Ingo (2003). “Homology in Comparative, Molecular, and Evolutionary Developmental Biology”. Journal of Experimental Zoology 299B: 9-17.
  6. Catalogue of Life. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/metadata.
  7. Conix, Stijn et al. (2021). “Towards a Global List of Accepted Species III. Independence and Stakeholder Inclusion”. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 21: 631-643.
  8. Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray.
  9. Fennessy, Julian et al. (2016). “Multi-locus Analyses Reveal Four Giraffe Species Instead of One”. Current Biology 26 (18): 2543-2549.
  10. Gillman, Len N. and Wright, Shane D. (2020). “Restoring Indigenous Names in Taxonomy”. Communications Biology 3: 609.
  11. Hobern, Donald et al. (2021). “Towards a Global List of Accepted Species VI. The Catalogue of Life Checklist”. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 21: 677-690.
  12. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999). International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4th edition). London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature.
  13. Lepage, Denis (2019). Avibase-The World Bird Database. http://aviba se.bsc-eoc.org (accessed December 31, 2024).
  14. Lepage, Denis, Vaidya, Gaurav and Guralnick, Robert (2014). “Avibase - A Database System for Managing and Organizing Taxonomic Concepts”. ZooKeys 420: 117-135.
  15. Lien, Aaron M. et al. (2021). “Towards a Global List of Accepted Species IV: Overcoming Fragmentation in the Governance of Taxonomic Lists”. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 21: 645-655.
  16. Linnaeus, Carolus (1735). Systema Natura sive regna tria Natura systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species. Lugduni Batavorum: Theodorus Haak.
  17. Minelli, Alessandro (1993). Biological Systematics. The State of the Art. London: Chapman & Hall.
  18. Minelli, Alessandro (2019). “The Galaxy of the non-Linnaean Nomenclature”. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 41: 31.
  19. Minelli, Alessandro (2020a). “Disciplinary Fields in the Life Sciences: Evolving Divides and Anchor Concepts”. Philosophies 5 (4): 34.
  20. Minelli, Alessandro (2020b). “Biology and Its Disciplinary Partitions – Intellectual and Academic Constraints”. Scienza e Filosofia 24: 105-126.
  21. Minelli, Alessandro (2022). “A Refreshed Approach to Homology – Prioritizing Epistemology Over Metaphysics”. Journal of Morphology 284 (1): e21533.
  22. Minelli, Alessandro (2024). “Uno o molti? Concetti e discipline in divenire”. In Filosofia senza compromessi. Scritti in onore di Ninni Pennisi, eds. Antonino Bucca et al., 173-179. Roma: Editori Riuniti University Press.
  23. Mora, Camillo et al. (2011). “How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?”. PLOS Biology 9: e1001127
  24. Olivi, Giuseppe (1792). Zoologia Adriatica ossia Catalogo ragionato degli Animali del Golfo e delle Laguna di Venezia; preceduto da una Dissertazione sulla Storia fisica e naturale del Golfo; e accompagnato da Memorie, ed Osservazioni di Fisica Storia naturale ed Economia. Bassano: [G. Remondini].
  25. Pavlinov, Igor Y. (2020). “Multiplicity of Research Programs in the Biological Systematics: A Case for Scientific Pluralism”. Philosophies 5 (2): 7.
  26. Pyle, Richard L. et al. (2021). “Towards a Global List of Accepted Species V. The Devil Is in the Detail”. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 21: 657-675.
  27. Rognes, Knut (2014). “Grossly Inaccurate Biodiversity Data: An Example from Italy Regarding Blowflies (Insecta, Diptera, Calliphoridae)”. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 65: 103-120.
  28. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992). Convention on Biological Diversity. Montreal, Canada.
  29. Smith, Gideon F. and Figueiredo, Estrela (2024). “Permanently and Retroactively Eradicating Certain Offensive Epithets from the Scientific Names of Algae, Fungi, and Plants: ‘afr-’ Is in”. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 81 (2): e154.
  30. Stengers, Isabelle (ed.) (1987). D’une science à l’autre. Des concepts nomads. Paris: Seuil.
  31. Sterelny, Kim (1999). “Species as Ecological Mosaics”. In Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays, ed. Robert A. Wilson, 119-138. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  32. Thiele, Kevin R. et al. (2021). “Towards a Global List of Accepted Species I. Why Taxonomists Sometimes Disagree, and Why This Matters”. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 21: 615–622.
  33. Thomson, Scott A. et al. (2021). “Towards a Global List of Accepted Species II. Consequences of Inadequate Taxonomic List Governance”. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 21: 623-630.
  34. Turland, Nicholas J. et al. (eds.) (2018). International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books.
  35. White, Andrew D. (1896). A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. New York: Appleton.
  36. Wilson, Don E. and Mittermeier Russell A. (eds.) (2011). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2. Hoofed Mammals. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
  37. von Zimmermann, Eberhard A.W. (1783). Geographische Geschichte des Menschen und der allgemein verbreiteten vierfüssigen Thiere, 3. Band. Leipzig: Weigand.