Reactions of Citrullus amarus and Cucumis metuliferus to Meloidogyne chitwoodi , Meloidogyne enterolobii and Meloidogyne luci

Summary. Meloidogyne chitwoodi , M. enterolobii, and M. luci are present in some EU countries, with restricted distributions, and plant resistance can be used to manage these nematodes. Two pot experiments were conducted under controlled conditions for 56 d to assess the host suitability of two potential rootstocks, Cucumis metuliferus BGV11135 and Citrullus amarus BGV5167, to one isolate of each nematode. The susceptible cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) ‘Dasher II’, watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) ‘Sugar Baby’ and tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) ‘Coração-de-Boi’ were included for comparisons. A histopathological study using confocal-laser microscopy was also conducted 15 d after nematode inoculations. In the pot test, the rootstocks showed lower numbers of galls, egg masses, and eggs per plant than their susceptible ones. Reproduction indices of the rootstocks varied from immune to moderately resistant, depending on the iso-late-rootstock combination. In the histopathological study, M. enterolobii and M. luci induced similar numbers of giant cells (GC) per feeding site in all germplasms. However, GC volumes and numbers of nuclei in rootstocks were lower than in the susceptible germplasms. GCs induced by M. chitwoodi were only detected in susceptible cucumber. These results emphasize the potential of C. metuliferus and C. amarus as effective, eco-friendly strategies for managing root-knot nematodes, and show the complex these host-pathogen interactions


INTRODUCTION
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) have significant economic impacts on agriculture (Jones et al., 2013), leading to diminished crop yields qual-ity (Elling, 2013).Meloidogyne spp., commonly known as root-knot nematodes (RKN), are obligate sedentary endoparasites of roots of many plant species, and are responsible for approx.half of crop yield losses attributed to PPN (Bent et al., 2008).In a compatible host, the RKN trigger formation of multinucleated giant cells (GC), from which the nematodes obtain the nutrients for development.RKN induce formation of host root galls, disrupting the uptake of water and nutrients and causing nonspecific symptoms in aerial plant parts, including stunting, nutrient deficiency, epinasty, and plant death, at high nematode population densities in soil.Disease severity depends on soil nematode population density at sowing or transplanting, and on host species and cultivar, cropping season, soil texture and presence of potential nematode antagonists (Sorribas et al., 2020).Conversely, when compatibility between the host plant and the nematode is suboptimal, GCs often have inhibited growth, characterized by presence of multiple vacuoles, sparse nuclei, or cytoplasmic collapse.Another distinctive feature frequently observed is the absence of fluorescence in histopathological images, due to the probable accumulation of phenolic compounds surrounding the GCs, indicating hypersensitive responses to nematode infections (Phan et al., 2018;Expósito et al., 2020;Fullana et al., 2023).This defensive response results in suppression of nematode infection and reproduction, and, in some cases, increases in proportions of males in the populations (Ye et al., 2017).
Of the approx.100 RKN species described to date, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica (tropical species), and M. hapla (temperate species), are responsible for most yield crop losses attributed to Meloidogyne spp.(Jones et al., 2013).However, other RKN species, such as M. chitwoodi, M. enterolobii and M. luci, are gaining importance, because of their high pathogenicity in several economically important crops despite their limited global distributions (Castagnone-Sereno, 2012;Elling, 2013;Maleita et al., 2022).Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. enterolobii have been added to the EPPO A2 list of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests (EPPO, 2023a), and M. luci has been added to the EPPO Pest Alert List (EPPO, 2017).In Europe, populations of M. chitwoodi have been reported in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Portugal in 2016 (EPPO, 2016).Currently, however, 17 other countries, including Spain, have been included (EPPO 2023b).The distribution of M. enterolobii is more limited than that of other Meloidogyne species, having been reported in Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Switzerland (EPPO, 2023c).Meloidogyne luci is present in Greece, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey (EPPO, 2023d).Despite these restricted distributions, legislative measures have been implemented to eradicate these nematodes, and prevent their introduction into regions where they are absent.This emphasizes the need for increased surveillance and control measures against these emerging nematode species.
RKN control has traditionally relied on fumigant and non-fumigant nematicides.However, use of most of these have been prohibited or restricted, due to harmful environmental, human, and/or animal effects.In response, the European Union has adopted new policies that promote the use of integrated nematode management strategies, which prioritize environmentally friendly and safe approaches reflected in Directive 2009/128/CE and the European Green Deal.Plant resistance plays a key role in the available control strategies, because it suppresses nematode infection and/or reproduction (Roberts, 2002).Resistance is cost-effective, prevents nematode reproduction and crop yield losses (Sorribas et al., 2005), and its effect is extended to following susceptible crops (Ornat et al., 1997;Hanna, 2000).Commercially available resistant vegetable cultivars or rootstocks for tropical RKN species are limited to the Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae including tomato, pepper, eggplant and watermelon.However, some of the minor and temperate RKN species can reproduce on these plants, or their reproductive capacity is unknown.
Histopathological studies conducted with laser scanning confocal microscopy have shown that GCs in resistant germplasms are less voluminous and have fewer nuclei than those in susceptible germplasm (Expósito et al., 2020;Fullana et al., 2023).The aim of the present study was to determine host suitability of C. metuliferus BGV11135 and C. amarus BGV5167 accessions for isolates of M. chitwoodi, M. enterolobii, and M. luci.Histopathological studies of each plant germplasm-RKN isolate combination were also carried out.

Nematode inocula
Inocula consisted of second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. chitwoodi (PtCh), M. enterolobii (PtEn), and M. luci (PtL1) isolates selected from the RKN NEMATOlab collection (CFE, University of Coimbra) (Maleita et al., 2021).The isolates were maintained on the susceptible tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar 'Coraçãode-Boi' (Vilmorim-Mikado Ibérica, Alicante, Spain; Maleita et al., 2022), in a growth chamber maintained at 24 ± 2°C and 16 h light 8 h dark daily cycle.One week before nematode inoculations, nematode egg masses were hand-picked and placed in Baermann funnels to allow J2 emergence.After 24 h, the emerged J2 were discarded, and the remaining J2 were collected daily and kept at 4°C until the beginning of the experiment, for a maximum of 5 d. Biochemical electrophoretic analyses of non-specific esterase enzymes were carried out to confirm the Meloidogyne species (Pais et al., 1986).

Plant material
Seeds of the C. metuliferus BGV11135 and C. amarus BGV5167 (COMAV-UPV, Valencia, Spain) were used in this study.The cucumber (Cucumis sativus) 'Dasher II' (Seminis Seeds) and the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) 'Sugar Baby' (Batlle Seeds) were used as cultivars susceptible to tropical RKN species for comparisons (Giné et al., 2014;López-Gómez et al., 2014).The susceptible tomato (S. lycopersicum) 'Coração-de-Boi' was included as a control, to assess the viability of the nematode inocula.Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes with sterile filter paper soaked with sterile distilled water at 24 ± 1°C for 3 d in the dark.After germination, seedlings were transplanted (one per pot) into 50 cm 3 pots containing a sterile mixture (1:1:2) of sandy loam soil, sand and a germination substrate (Siro Germinação bio®).This substrate contains 2 kg•m -3 of NPK 9-2-2.The seedlings were kept in a growth chamber for 3 weeks at 24 ± 2°C and a 16 h light 8 h dark daily cycle.

Host suitability
Plants were transplanted into 200 cm 3 capacity pots containing the soil mixture described above, and were each inoculated with 200 J2.The nematode inoculum was distributed in each pot into two 2 cm holes, located 1 cm away from the plant stem and 2 cm deep in the soil.Each plant germplasm-RKN isolate combination was repeated 10 times, and the experiment was conducted twice.
The plants were maintained in controlled climate chamber at 25 ± 2°C and 60% relative humidity with a 16 h light 8 h dark daily cycle for 56 d.The plants were watered at 2 d intervals, and were fertilized once each week with NUTREA 12-4-6 (Genyen, Crop Solutions), a liquid fertilizer containing 5% N, 8% P and 10% K.At the end of the experiment, plant roots were carefully washed free of soil with tap water, and were then immersed in a phloxine B (0.0015%) solution for 15 min to stain and visualize the nematode egg masses (Holbrook et al., 1983).The number of root galls and egg masses per plant were counted to estimate nematode penetration (galls) and infectivity (egg masses).Nematode eggs were extracted from each whole root system by blending maceration in a 1% NaOCl solution, using the procedure outlined by Hussey and Barker (1973), eggs were counted to estimate the final nematode population densities (Pf).Nematode fertility was calculated as the number of eggs per egg mass per plant, and reproduction index (RI), as the percentage of reproduction of a given Meloidogyne isolate in the resistant germplasm relative to that in the susceptible germplasm [RI = (Pf in resistant germplasm/Pf in susceptible germplasm) × 100].Levels of resistance were estimated according to the RI values, as immune (RI = 0), highly resistant (RI < 1%), resistant (1% ≤ RI < 10%), moderately resistant (10% ≤ RI < 25%), slightly resistant (25% ≤ RI < 50%), or susceptible (RI ≥ 50%), based on the scale of Hadisoeganda and Sasser (1982).

Histopathology
Fifteen plants of each plant germplasm (described above) were transplanted into 200 cm 3 capacity pots containing sterilized sand, and were maintained under the conditions described above.After 7 d, each susceptible plant germplasm-RKN isolate combination was inoculated with 200 J2, and each expected resistant plant germplasm-RKN isolate combination was inoculated with 600 J2, using the procedure described above.Each plant germplasm-RKN isolate combination was repeated five times.Fifteen days after nematode inoculation, five root systems of each RKN isolate-plant combination were washed free of subtrate, and were then fixed and rinsed following the procedure of Expósito et al. (2020).Images were acquired using a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSM 710 Axio Observer Z1 microscope with QUASAR detection unit; ZEN Black software) using a Plan-Neofluar 10×/0.3objective, and Argon/2 (488 nm) and HeNe633 (633 nm) lasers, all of which are components from Carl Zeiss.Volumes were acquired with Z-stacks with a step size of 10 μm.The volumes and numbers of nuclei per GC, the numbers of GCs, and the volumes and numbers of nuclei per feeding site were determined using ImageJ and the TrakEM2 ImageJ plugin (ImageJ, version 1.50).This study was conducted once.

Data analyses
Statistical analyses were carried out using GraphPad Prism 7.00 (GraphPad Software).The normality of the data distributions and homogeneity of variances were determined with non-transformed or log 10 (x+1) transformed data for parametric or non-parametric analyses.The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare penetration (number of galls per plant), infectivity (number of egg masses per plant), reproduction (number of eggs per plant), and fecundity (number of eggs per egg mass) between the experimental repetitions.When significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were observed, the values for each replicate were presented separately.Additionally, each parameter was compared between susceptible and the expected resistant germplasm of the same plant genus, or between paired comparisons of tomato plants and each of the susceptible cucurbit germplasms, by Student's t-test (P ≤ 0.05) when the data exhibited a normal distribution or Mann-Whitney test (P ≤ 0.05) if it did not.In addition, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analyses and Dunn's test (P ≤ 0.05) were used to compare each parameter between RKN isolate by plant germplasm combinations.The numbers of nuclei per feeding site and GCs per feeding site, the volume of each GC, and the number of nuclei per GC from the histopathological study were compared (P ≤ 0.05), between expected resistant and susceptible germplasms per plant genus, as well as the paired comparisons between tomato plants and each of the susceptible cucurbit germplasms.Data were compared using Student's t-test if the data fitted normal distributions; otherwise, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used.In addition, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis and Dunn's test (P ≤ 0.05) were used to compare each parameter among the RKN isolate by plant germplasm combinations.

Host suitability
Although general trends were observed, statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between the experiments, results for each experiment are presented separately (Table 1).Second-stage juveniles of all RKN isolates penetrated the roots of each plant germplasm, leading to the formation of galls (Table 1).Among the susceptible germplasms, M. chitwoodi produced fewer (P < 0.05) galls on the cucurbit than on the tomato plants, while no differences (P > 0.05) were found between M. enterolobii and M. luci.Among the resistant germplasms, all the RKN isolates induced fewer (P < 0.05) galls than the susceptibles (Table 1).For nematode reproduction, all the RKN isolates developed until the adult female stage producing eggs, in all germplasms, except for M. chitwoodi in C. metuliferus (Table 1).Fewer (P < 0.05) egg masses per plant were produced in the resistant germplasms than in the susceptible germplasms of the same plant genus, except for M. chitwoodi in Citrullus spp.(Table 1).Concerning the levels of resistance of C. amarus to the RKN isolates, performed as resistant to M. luci (RI = 4.3 and 4.3%) in both experiments, and resistant or moderately resistant to M. enterolobii (RI = 6.7 and 12.2%) and M. chitwoodi (RI = 5.3 and 19.1%), depending on the experiment.Meanwhile, C. metuliferus was immune to M. chitwoodi (RI = 0), highly resistant to resistant to M. enterolobii (RI = 0.3 and 3.8%), and resistant to M. luci (RI = 1.6 and 1.8%).
Regarding the RKN isolates, M. chitwoodi produced fewer (P < 0.05) egg masses and eggs per plant on tomato plants than the other RKN isolates.Meloidogyne luci reproduced means of 5.5 and 11.3 more times in tomato than M. chitwoodi in experiment 1, and 2.6 and 1.7 more times than M. enterolobii in experiment 2 (Table 1).In C. sativus, M. chitwoodi produced fewer (P < 0.05) egg masses and eggs per plant than M. enterolobii and M. luci, which were not different for the numbers of eggs per egg mass in the second experiment.For C. metuliferus, M. chitwoodi induced fewer (P < 0.05) root galls than the other RKN isolates, but no reproduction was detected.In Citrullus spp., M. enterolobii produced more (P < 0.05) egg masses (4.0 to 112.9 times more in C. lanatus; 5.3 to 42.0 times more in C. amarus) and eggs per plant (4.3 to 515.0 times more in C. lanatus; 6.8 to 680.0 times more in C. amarus) than the other RKN isolates (Table 1).

Histopathology
Fifteen d after nematode inoculations, only the M. enterolobii and M. luci isolates were able to infect the roots of all the assessed plant germplasms (Table 2; Figures 1 to 4).Meloidogyne chitwoodi only infected tomato and cucumber roots (Table 2; Figures 1 and 4).Despite M. chitwoodi J2 being observed inside the roots of C. metuliferus and C. lanatus, no GCs were induced (Figure 4, b and c); therefore, comparisons were only valid between tomato and cucumber.The number and volume of GCs per feeding site and the number of nuclei per GC and per feeding site did not differ (P > 0.05) between the tomato and cucumber plants (Table 2).
Meloidogyne enterolobii induced a similar (P > 0.05) number of GCs in C. metuliferus and cucumber.However, the volumes of the GCs in C. metuliferus were six times less (P < 0.05) than in cucumber, resulting in a 9.5-fold reduction (P < 0.05) in the total volume of GCs per feeding site.The number of nuclei per GC and per feeding site were 2.9 and 5.5 times greater (P < 0.05) in cucumber than in C. metuliferus (Table 2).Similar results were observed in watermelon.Although the nematodes induced similar (P > 0.05) numbers of GCs per feeding site in both Citrullus spp., the volumes per GC were 13.3 greater in C. lanatus and 8.5 times greater (P < 0.05) than in C. amarus.The numbers of nuclei per GC were 3.4 greater, and per feeding site were 2.8 greater (P < 0.05).
Meloidogyne luci induced a similar (P > 0.05) numbers of GCs in C. metuliferus and cucumber, but the GC volumes in C. metuliferus were 11 times less (P < 0.05) than in cucumber, resulting in a 12.1-fold reduction (P Table 2. Number of giant cells per nematode feeding site (GC•fs -1 ), number of nuclei per giant cells (N•GC -1 ), number of nuclei per feeding site (N•fs -1 ), giant cell volume (GCV) and giant cell volume per feeding site (GCV•fs -1 ), in Solanum lycopersicum 'Coração-de-Boi' , Cucumis sativus 'Dasher II' and Citrullus lanatus 'Sugar Baby' plants, and Cucumis metuliferus BGV11135 and Citrullus amarus BGV5167 rootstocks, 15 d after nematode inoculations with 200 or 600 second-stage juveniles per pot a , in susceptible or rootstocks respectively.

Meloidogyne species
Plant species GC•fs -1 N•GC -1 N•fs -1 GCV (µm 3 10 -5 )      < 0.05) in total volume of GC per feeding site.However, the numbers of nuclei per GC and per feeding site did not differ (P > 0.05) (Table 2).In both Citrullus species, M. luci induced similar numbers (P > 0.05) of GCs, but GC volumes and numbers per feeding site in C. amarus were 2.5 and 3 times less (P < 0.05) than in in C. lanatus.In addition, 3.1 times fewer nuclei per GC (P < 0.05) and 3.2 times fewer feeding sites were observed in C. amarus than in C. lanatus.
The majority of GCs induced by M. enterolobii and M. luci in C. metuliferus and C. amarus were almost empty, with few or no nuclei and with some necrotic areas compared to those in the respective susceptible plant germplasm (Figure 2 b and d, Figure 3 b and d).
Of the different RKN isolates, M. enterolobii induced formation of GCs that were 3.3 more voluminous (P < 0.05) than M. luci in C. lanatus, which resulted in a total mean GC volume per feeding site that was 2.6 times greater (P < 0.05).Nevertheless, no differences (P > 0.05) were observed in C. amarus.The numbers of nuclei per GC and per feeding site induced by M. enterolobii and M. luci in both Citrullus spp.did not differ (P > 0.05), but the numbers of nuclei per feeding site differed (P < 0.05) in Cucumis spp.(Table 2).Specifically, the number of nuclei per feeding site induced by M. enterolobii was 2 times greater in C. sativus and 0.56 times greater in C. metuliferus, compared to those induced by M. luci (Table 2).Meloidogyne enterolobii induced the formation of 1.8 times more GC volume (P < 0.05) in S. lycopersicum than M. chitwoodi, resulting in 2.7 more GC volume per feeding site (P < 0.05).

DISCUSSION
The main objective of this study was to determine host suitability of C. metuliferus BGV11135 and C. amarus BGV5167 for the nematodes M. chitwoodi, M. enterolobii and M. luci, to provide insights into the potential use of these rootstocks for melon and watermelon crops, and to provide this information to assist management of RKN species.Previous studies have reported resistance of some C. metuliferus accessions to M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. javanica and M. enterolobii (Walters et al., 2006;Ye et al., 2017;Pinheiro et al., 2019), and that of C. amarus to M. arenaria, M. enterolobii, M. incognita and M. javanica (García-Mendívil et al., 2019;Waldo et al., 2023).The present paper is the first report on levels of resistance of C. metuliferus and C. amarus to M. chitwoodi and M. luci.In addition, cucumber may be included as a potential plant host of M. chitwoodi, because this nematode reproduced in this plant species, as in watermelon which is listed as a plant host (EPPO, 2023b).
The results of the present study have shown that the levels of resistance of C. metuliferus ranged from immune (RI = 0) to M. chitwoodi, highly resistant (RI < 1%) to resistant (1% ≤ RI < 10%) to M. enterolobii, and resistant to M. luci.Citrullus amarus ranged from resistant to moderately resistant (10% ≤ RI ≤ 25%) to M. chitwoodi and M. enterolobii, and resistant to M. luci.
Several resistance mechanisms of C. metuliferus against RKN have been proposed, affecting root penetration, feeding site formation, nematode development, and sex differentiation (Fassuliotis, 1970;Walters et al., 2006).Xie et al. (2022) reported the emission of 18 volatiles by the roots of the CM3 accession of C. metuliferus, which had repellent effects on M. incognita.In the present study, substantial reductions of J2s root penetration of all the RKN isolates were observed, compared to that in cucumber, and only a low proportion of J2 achieved the adult female stage laying eggs (0% for M. chitwoodi, 2% for M. enterolobii and 1.1% for M. luci; averaged over two experiments).Some studies comparing the transcriptome of C. metuliferus and cucumber plants inoculated with M. incognita have proposed putative resistance mechanisms (Ling et al., 2017;Ye et al., 2017;Li et al., 2021).Ling et al. (2017) attributed resistance to differential expression in two host gene clusters related to cytoskeletons and RNA processing.Ye et al.
(2017) attributed resistance to induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase activities after infection together with the expression of genes related to biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and plant hormone signalling.Li et al. (2021) attributed resistance to upregulation of genes related to the Ca 2+ signalling pathway at early stages of M. incognita infection, as well as the salicylic acid and jasmonate signalling pathways.In all these cases, nematode penetration and root infection were reduced, and nematode development was delayed.According to the present study results, the resistance mechanisms of C. metuliferus were highly effective against M. chitwoodi, because less J2 were able to penetrate, compared to M. enterolobii and M. luci, and no J2 reached the adult female stage.The histopathological analysis showed that C. metuliferus was not infected at 15 d after M. chitwoodi inoculation, and those that infected cucumber plants produced less voluminous GCs with a low numbers of nuclei per GC and per feeding site than did the other studied RKN species.For M. enterolobii and M. luci, reductions in nematode infection and reproduction were detected in C. metuliferus in comparison with cucumber, but J2, which were able to infect, to develop until the female stage and reproduce, produced a similar number of eggs per egg mass than in cucumber (except for M. enterolobii in the second experiment).However, a reduction in female fertility of M. incognita on C. metuliferus has been reported previously (Ye et al., 2017;Expósito et al., 2020).This result is important, because it could be an indicator of adaptation of a given percentage of individuals that could reproduce and increase populations after repeated cultivation.The present histopathological study showed some differences from previous studies regarding the C. metuliferus-M.incognita relationship (Ye et al., 2017;Expósito et al., 2020), in which fewer nuclei per cell and per feeding site were reported.
Resistance of C. amarus to tropical Meloidogyne spp.has been attributed to its high root fibrosity in comparison with that of other cucurbits (Thies and Levi, 2007;Thies et al., 2015;García-Mendivil et al., 2019).Waldo et al. (2023) suggested that resistance to M. enterolobii is modulated by 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms.Those in the locus QTL 3.1 influence root galling and egg mass formation, while those in QTL 4.1, 4.2, and 8.1 are associated with nematode egg production.In the present study, compared with those of watermelon, J2 root penetration of all the RKN isolates was reduced, and only a low proportion of J2 achieved the adult female stage laying eggs: 1.4% for M. chitwoodi, 10.5% for M. enterolobii, and 1.1% for M. luci (averaged for the two experiments).Watermelon is considered a poor host for the tropical Meloidogyne spp.due to their reduced reproduction rates (López-Gómez et al., 2014), but is a main host for M. enterolobii (EPPO, 2023b).This was observed in the present study, achieving levels of reproduction close to those in tomato.However, M. enterolobii reproduction in C. amarus reached 9.45% of that observed on watermelons, defining the C. amarus rootstock as an effective tool for managing this RKN.
Histopathological analyses revealed that neither C. lanatus nor C. amarus were infected by M. chitwoodi 15 d after inoculations.Reductions in the numbers of nuclei and GC volumes were observed in the combinations of remaining RKN-isolates in C. amarus compared with watermelon, which may affect nematode development and reproduction.
The results from the present study will provide valuable information for farmers to facilitate decision-making for implementing integrated RKN control strategies, including scenarios with a co-occurrence of RKN species and/or virulent nematode populations to specific host resistant genes.Resistance of these plant species to tropical RKN species in pot and field experiments (Ye et al., 2017;García-Mendívil et al., 2019), and the effectiveness for managing virulent RKN populations to the Mi1.2 resistance gene in tomato (Expósito et al., 2018;Fullana et al., 2023) have been demonstrated.In addition, several accessions of C. metuliferus and C. amarus are resistant to other pathogens and diseases, such as Fusarium oxysporum, gummy stem blight, powdery mildew, and potyvirus (Gusmini et al., 2005;Guner et al., 2008;Tetteh et al., 2010;Keinath et al., 2019).These characteristics enhance agronomic value of these plant germoplasm.The strategic use of these rootstocks in rotations with other resistant plant germplasms can alleviate the impacts of RKN on crop yield and contribute to reducing reliance on pesticides, as has been previously reported (Expósito et al., 2018;Fullana et al., 2023).

Cucumis metuliferus
8 A a Data are means ± standard errors for five replicates.Data in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) between root-knot nematode (RKN) isolates by a given plant germplasm, according to Dunn's test.Data in each column and for each RKN isolate followed by * are significantly different (P < 0.05) between germplasms of the same genus.† indicates differences (P < 0.05) between Solanum lycopersicum and Cucumis sativus or Citrullus lanatus, according to Student's t or Mann-Whitney tests.na = No available data because no infection was observed.

Table 1 .
Number of galls, nematode egg masses and eggs per plant, and number of eggs per egg mass of Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. enterolobii or M. luci, in susceptible plants of Solanum lycopersicum 'Coração-de-Boi' , Cucumis sativus 'Dasher II' , and Citrullus lanatus 'Sugar Baby' , or Cucumis metuliferus BGV11135 or Citrullus amarus BGV5167 rootstocks 56 d after inoculations with 200 second-stage juveniles per pot, in a climatic chamber in the two experiments a .Data are means ± standard errors of ten replicates.Data in each column followed by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) between root-knot nematode (RKN) isolates for a given plant germplasm, according to Dunn's test.Data for each column and each RKN isolate followed by * indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) between germplasms of the same genus, and by † indicate differences (P < 0.05) between Solanum lycopersicum and Cucumis sativus or Citrullus lanatus, as shown by Student's t tests or Mann-Whitney tests.nc = Not calculated.b Reproduction index: percentage of the eggs produced in the resistant germplasm compared with those produced in the susceptible germplasm.